* l( X3 T! V/ \9 S6 p) j( q% c; EWe are witnessing a growing need for the evaluation of an enlarged universe ofminds beyond human intelligence, including a variety of newfangled machines, enhanced humans, hybrids and collectives. The tools from human psychometrics, comparative psychology, animal cognition and artificial intelligence are insufficient to cope with this challenge —if not simply inconsistent when put together. Most of the precepts of cognitive measurement from all these areas must be overhauled and rebuilt upon more solid foundations, using a universal perspective as a guide, but also as a refutation principle. For that purpose, a new universal psychometricsis presented. $ H2 ]- G9 L1 A# X! ^& B% z 1 X! e1 F q$ B$ r0 b$ ^9 pThis monograph focuses on primary research, by formulating new scientific questions and hypotheses, and introducing a whole range of definitions and results. It integrates the fundamentals and most significant research developments in the past two decades, with the aim of providing a unified view of the universal evaluation of cognitive abilities and personality traits. The intended audience includes researchers and academics in cognitive science, artificial intelligence, psychometrics, comparative psychology, intelligence research, psychology and animal cognition. Given this diversity of fields, a great effort has been made to render the terminology and mathematical content accessible to a wider readership.! t8 b( f5 q& }: [& t